The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.

The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use. Frequently asked questions about Chicago in-text citationsįirst, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations.Missing information in Chicago in-text citations.Option 2: Citations in footnotes or endnotes.Option 1: Author-date in-text citations.Use the “ Precede by” and “ Follow by” boxes to enter any character(s) chosen to surround the letter in the bibliography. Letters are always preceded by a number: (1a, 1b), (1a, 1b, 2a-2c)Ĥ.Number only if there could be ambiguity: (1a, b), (1a, 1b, 2a-c).The letter of the first citation of the composite is preceded with a number additional letters include a.Only the letter of the first citation of the composite is preceded with the number: (1a, b), (1a, b, 2a-c).This is the default setting: (1a, 1b), (1a, 1b, 2a-c) The number always appears with a stand-alone letter or with the first letter of a range.The examples illustrate how letters and numbers appear for consecutive citations and ranges. Select the appropriate letter format for in-text formatted citations. Use the “Present letters in” list to select Lowercase or Uppercase letters.ģ. Select the box to “Use letters to separate grouped references.”Ģ. To differentiate individual citations within grouped references with letters (see above):ġ. McCormick, MP, Geophysical Research Letters (1999) 15, 907 Pemberton, SG, Jones, B, Journal of Paleontology (1999) 62, 495 Postma, G, Sedimentary Geology (1999) 58, 47. This option shows a semicolon and a space as a separator:ġ. There is an option to specify how the grouped references in the bibliography should be separated. One number is used both in the text and the bibliography to identify a group of citations. To locate the Grouped Reference option for the desired output style, go to Tools > Output Style > Selected Output Style > Citations > Numbering. Use the Grouped Reference option to cite with one number any references that always appear together as multiple citations.

Endnote format citations in bracket